對話第67屆聯合國大會主席：以多邊合作破局地緣政治困境，推動全球可持續發展目標落地

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　　文 | 新浪財經李欣然、劉浩（實習）

　　當前，全球可持續發展進程在複雜地緣政治格局下推進受阻，可持續發展目標的實現面臨多邊機制弱化、氣候治理倒退等多重挑戰，而中小經濟體與新興經濟體在維護多邊體系中的作用愈發關鍵。在此背景下，可持續發展與國際關係、經濟增長如何實現協同？多邊主義未來將走向何種形態以適配21世紀全球治理需求？近日，新浪財經對話國際關係與可持續發展中心（CIRSD）主席、塞爾維亞前外交部長、第67屆聯合國大會主席武克·耶雷米奇（Vuk Jeremić），共同深入探討全球可持續發展的核心難題、氣候行動與經濟發展的平衡之道，以及多邊主義在推動人類可持續進步中的關鍵價值與演進方向。

　　以下為對話實錄：

　　Q: 國際關係與可持續發展中心（CIRSD）一直處於全球推動可持續發展的前沿。您如何看待國際關係與可持續發展之間的聯繫？您認為當前國際形勢對可持續發展有何影響？

　　A: 自 2012 年以來，我擔任過多個職務。其中最值得一提的，是我在擔任聯合國大會主席期間，主持了由具有歷史意義的 「里約 + 20」 峰會授權的談判——我親眼見證了將可持續發展納入全球議程的複雜性與重要性。此番談判最終促使各國在2015年一致採納了聯合國可持續發展目標（Sustainable Development Goals，以下簡稱SDGs），成爲了有史以來開展過的最複雜的多邊努力之一。

　　可持續發展完全是一個整體性概念，涵蓋社會、經濟和環境三個維度，且具有普遍性。無論發達國家還是發展中國家，地處北半球還是南半球，政治體制或歷史背景如何，均適用這一概念。沒有任何國家能孤立實現可持續發展目標；這些挑戰本質上是全球性的，且存在相互依存的關係。

　　這意味着國際合作並非是一項選擇，而是不可或缺的一環。政府必須發揮主導作用，但要取得成功，還需要私營部門、學術界、公民社會及其他利益相關方的積極參與。遺憾的是，當前全球格局以地緣政治競爭和分裂為特徵，這可能會阻礙可持續發展的進程。因此，我們必須加倍致力於對話與多邊主義。只有通過共同努力，我們纔有望實現本世紀SDGs所承載的宏偉願景。

　　Q：作為第 67 屆聯合國大會主席，您在全球治理體系構建中發揮了關鍵作用。您認為當前可持續發展面臨的最重大挑戰是什麼？您認為中小經濟體和新興經濟體在推動可持續發展方面應發揮怎樣的作用？

　　A：我時常將當今時代描述為 「地緣政治衰退期」。與經濟周期類似，地緣政治也有繁榮與衰退的階段，但地緣政治衰退的持續時間更長 —— 往往可達數十年。在這樣的負面周期中，大國之間的信任逐漸瓦解，多邊主義的弱化，國際關係變得更具交易性和雙邊性，而共同目標則淪爲了犧牲品。

　　這一趨勢造成的一大嚴重后果是國際組織的效能受損。如今，聯合國及其他多邊機構難以有效履行職責，導致一些人質疑它們的現實意義。儘管這種不滿可以理解，但拋棄聯合國將是一個嚴重的錯誤，因為目前沒有一家機構能擁有聯合國所具備的普遍性與合法性。

　　儘管中小經濟體和新興經濟體影響大國競爭的能力有限，但它們在維護多邊體系方面發揮着關鍵作用。這些經濟體應堅定支持那些促成SDGs通過的原則，並倡導改革，使多邊機構更能反映 21 世紀的現實情況。通過這樣的行動，這些國家可以擰成一股繩，確保全球治理始終立足於合作而非對抗。耐心與堅持，是維繫可持續發展議程的關鍵。

　　Q：氣候變化仍是當今時代最緊迫的問題之一。目前，部分國家和地區在氣候治理方面出現了倒退現象。您如何看待氣候行動與經濟發展之間的關係？您認為我們應如何推進氣候治理？

　　A：氣候變化是當今時代的標誌性挑戰，它對經濟發展（尤其是脆弱地區的經濟發展）的影響不容小覷。現實情況是，若氣候變化得不到遏制，經濟體將遭到破壞、貧困現象加劇，可持續發展領域來之不易的成果也將由此削弱。相反，大膽的氣候行動能夠激發創新、推動經濟增長，尤其是在可再生能源、綠色技術和可持續基礎設施等領域。

　　然而，我們也必須承認，全球一些關鍵國家的內部政治態勢正在發生變化。國內政治變動已導致部分國家重新考慮甚至推翻長期以來的氣候承諾。儘管這一現象令人遺憾，但此類發展往往超出外部影響力所能干預的範圍。國際社會不應一味惋惜這些變化，而應務實調整策略 —— 聚焦可實現的目標，推動包容性合作。

　　我們的目標應始終以科學證據和公平進步原則為指導。這意味着氣候治理框架需兼顧發展中國家的需求：發展中國家要走低碳增長道路，既需要資源支持，也需要技術轉移。簡而言之，氣候行動與經濟發展並非對立目標，就像是一枚硬幣的正反面；全球治理體系必須體現二者的相互依存關係。

　　Q：在當前的地緣政治格局下，多邊主義正面臨重大挑戰。您如何看待多邊主義的未來？您認為多邊主義對推動可持續發展而言是否不可或缺？

　　A：我們正處於一個地緣政治衰退期，而多邊機構是其中最大的受害者之一。許多多邊機構仍受困於過時的架構，無法反映當今的均勢。當 「交通規則」 與 「交通現實」 不匹配時，不滿情緒和單邊主義便會不可避免地滋生。

　　在這種情況下，三大趨勢將決定未來走向：第一，持續推進現有機構改革，從而更貼合當代現實（儘管過程充滿挑戰）；第二，替代性的區域組織或聚焦某一領域的組織不斷崛起（如歐盟、金磚國家、東盟），將越來越多地處理全球體系難以應對的問題；第三，各國為維護自身認定的核心利益而採取的單邊行動會增多，這在近期的地緣政治危機中便可察覺。

　　儘管這一局面遠非理想，但我們必須保持務實。即便聯合國的職能存在缺陷，它仍是唯一真正具有普遍性的對話與規則制定平臺，因此不可或缺。多邊主義不會消失，但會發生演變，漸而形成一種全球機制、區域機制與國家機制共存的混合模式。我們面臨的挑戰是，在應對這一轉型的過程中，始終不偏離最終目標：維護和平，推動人類實現可持續發展。

　　以下是英文對話實錄：

　　Q: The International Relations and Sustainable Development Center (CIRSD) has been at the forefront of promoting sustainable development globally. How do you see the relationship between international relations and sustainable development? What do you think the current international situation has an impact on sustainable development?

　　A: In my various capacities since 2012—most notably as President of the UN General Assembly when I chaired the negotiations mandated by the historic Rio+20 Conference—I have witnessed firsthand the complexity and importance of integrating sustainable development into the global agenda. The negotiations that ultimately resulted in the unanimous adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 were among the most intricate multilateral efforts ever undertaken.

　　Sustainable development is a truly holistic concept, encompassing social, economic, and environmental dimensions, and it applies universally—to developed and developing nations alike, across North and South, and regardless of political systems or historical backgrounds. No country can achieve the SDGs in isolation; these challenges are inherently global and interdependent.

　　This means that international cooperation is not optional—it is indispensable. Governments must take the lead, but success requires strong engagement from the private sector, academia, civil society, and other stakeholders. Unfortunately, the current global landscape, characterized by geopolitical rivalry and fragmentation, threatens to derail progress. We must therefore redouble our commitment to dialogue and multilateralism. Only by working together can we hope to achieve the bold vision embodied in the SDGs for this century.

　　Q: As the 67th President of the United Nations General Assembly, you played a pivotal role in shaping global governance. What do you see as the most significant challenges facing sustainable development today? What role do you believe smaller and emerging economies should play in promoting sustainable development?

　　A: I often describe our current era as one of 「geopolitical recession.」 Like economic cycles, geopolitics has periods of boom and bust, but geopolitical downturns last longer—often decades. In such negative cycles, trust among major powers erodes, multilateralism weakens, and international relations become more transactional and bilateral, at the expense of shared goals.

　　One major casualty of this trend is the effectiveness of international organizations. Today, the UN and other multilateral bodies struggle to deliver, leading some to question their relevance. While these frustrations are understandable, abandoning the UN would be a grave mistake. No other institution possesses the universality and legitimacy that the UN offers.

　　Smaller and emerging economies, despite their limited ability to influence great power rivalries, play a critical role in sustaining the multilateral system. They should remain steadfast in supporting the principles that led to the adoption of the SDGs and advocate for reforms to make institutions more reflective of 21st-century realities. By doing so, these nations can serve as a stabilizing force and ensure that global governance remains anchored in cooperation rather than confrontation. Patience and persistence will be key to keeping the sustainable development agenda alive.

　　Q: Climate change remains one of the most pressing issues of our time. Currently, we've seen some backsliding in climate governance by certain countries and regions. What's your view on the relationship between climate action and economic development? And how do you think we should approach climate governance?

　　A: Climate change is the defining challenge of our time, and its impact on economic development—especially in vulnerable regions—cannot be overstated. The reality is that unchecked climate change will devastate economies, exacerbate poverty, and undermine hard-won progress toward sustainability. Conversely, bold climate action can unlock innovation and drive economic growth, particularly in areas such as renewable energy, green technologies, and sustainable infrastructure.

　　Yet, we must also acknowledge the shifting political dynamics within some of the world's key players. Domestic political changes have led certain countries to reconsider or even reverse long-standing climate commitments. While regrettable, these developments are often beyond external influence. Instead of lamenting these changes, the international community must pragmatically recalibrate its strategies—focusing on achievable goals and fostering inclusive cooperation.

　　Our ambition should remain guided by scientific evidence and the principle of equitable progress. This means ensuring that climate governance frameworks accommodate the needs of developing nations, which require both resources and technology transfers to pursue low-carbon growth pathways. In short, climate action and economic development are not opposing objectives; they are two sides of the same coin, and global governance must reflect this interdependence.

　　Q: Multilateralism is facing significant challenges in the current geopolitical landscape. How do you see the future of multilateralism? Do you think multilateralism is indispensable for promoting sustainable development?

　　A: We live in a period of geopolitical recession, and multilateral institutions are among its greatest victims. Many remain locked in outdated structures that no longer reflect today's balance of power. When the "rules of the road" fail to match the reality of traffic, frustration and unilateralism inevitably follow.

　　Under these circumstances, three trends will define the future: First, ongoing—though challenging—efforts to reform existing institutions to better mirror contemporary realities. Second, the rise of alternative regional or thematic organizations such as the EU, BRICS, or ASEAN, which will increasingly handle issues the global system struggles to address. And third, the growth of unilateral actions by states seeking to protect what they perceive as vital interests, as seen in recent geopolitical crises.

　　While this is far from ideal, we must be realistic. The UN remains indispensable as the only truly universal platform for dialogue and norm-setting, even if its functionality is imperfect. Multilateralism will not disappear, but it will evolve—through a hybrid model where global, regional, and national mechanisms coexist. The challenge before us is to navigate this transition without losing sight of the ultimate goal: preserving peace and fostering sustainable progress for humanity.

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責任編輯：李欣然